Matter, Mass and the Big Bang

This article will go through several small ideas or concepts to end up with a different approach to how the universe formed and where did matter come from.

Starting with the idea that light (which is an electromagnetic wave, photon particle) is attracted by large gravitational fields, light bends arround large objects and is sucked into a balck hole and never allowed to leave. So then light should have a virtual form of mass , a mass in motion, the energy (based on E=mc2), this gravitational effect should also be valid between light rays themselves, they should be attracted and drawn closer along their path.

Computer generated imge of a star. source: http://pics-about-space.com/orange-star-in-space?p=3

So we move to the idea that light traveling thousands of light years distance should not be perfect parallel but converging slightly. Objects then seen in the sky appear smaller than they are, because light converges.
Moving to another idea with the same subject, the question must be asked, what happens when light enters a black hole, if it is not able to move at the speed , if time stops in a black hole, if it has to be concentrated at densities far higher than anywhere in the Universe. The proposed idea is that this light confined, trapped and condensed may itself turn into matter of different forms; forming the particles described in the standard model, or even the smaller pieces that make them. The idea is that energy in electromagnetic form, moving at high speed is trapped in a black hole and converted into matter. Same as Hydrogen goes through fusion in a star to become Helium. Light goes into confinement in a black hole to become matter.

Light Bent by Gravity (Image: C. Sheng, H. Liu, Y. Wang, S. N. Zhu and D. A. Genov)

This Idea leads itself to a grander thought. If at a point, the universe was filled with light energy and no matter. This light could be attracted through gravity to itself, grouped in a huge spherical form of light, where energy density is too high, Confined Energy forms as what we are familiar with as particles (in a similar approach of H , He, O, C ... Fe sequence) until the process collapse and the sphere ejects all energy and newly formed matter. This would be another way to look at the Big Bang. There was only light, light grouped in a sphere of high energy density and formed confined energy. At a point this "Fusion" collapsed, porbably when reaching a certain particle that does not balance the forces. The sphere collapses and releases Energy and Confined Energy; thus a "Big Bang".
 So in the picture below, one would have Confined Energy (matter) at the core, formed from "Fused" light; and Moving Energy (light) surrounding the core.

Fusion of H to He insidea star Source : http://starformation.synthasite.com/main-sequence-stars.php

Here is a thought. There is no absolute direct way of measuring mass. Mass is derived from the resistance to change, gravity force, impact energy or chemical reactions. In reality, there could be no mass, no matter, no particles, simply confined energy, which we perceive as matter.

 What we call mass is what I call here "Confined Energy".

Now you can look at you arm and see it as a group of infinitely small confined energy spheres, that refuses to interact or to disconnect. This Confined Energy is the building block of our Universe.

Digital Art  Source : http://thespiritscience.net/2014/06/21/ascend-academy-geometry/

A closing thought on gravity, which is still a mystery for physicist.One theory could be that there is a third field which create gravity force, this field originates from the imbalance of the electromagnetic field, the quantum effect of this disturbance is the gravity force. Because it is a simple disturbance of a major field, it is  much weaker and it has a constant value relative to the quantity of confined energy (what we call mass) because, at the Macro level, a quantum disturbances has a mean value.

Differential Wheel

It is a bold statement to say, I am reinventing it, and obviously it cannot be taken seriously, but here is a concept design of the simplest and most used mechanical device, also considered one of the oldest inventions, the Wheel.

This concept is a mechanical approach, which in theory should function, and the next step is to test it.

This wheel concept, I am calling "Differential Wheel", because it uses the same mechanical principle as a differential drive in a car but here it is applied to the wheel itself. The wheel is segmented into two parts, there is no complete circle. Part A and Part B are as shown in the picture,each is made of  three identical pads separated  by 120 degrees angles. At anytime, one Part is in contact with the ground and thus is not totally free to rotate; it conducts the torque to the ground and drives the vehicle. The other part is not in contact with the ground and thus it is free to rotate; and moves faster to be ready to make contact with the ground. The animated video could be very helpful to show how this works.

To explain how this mechanism is actually functioning, the below picture brings more information. The torque comes in through the red shaft, which rotates and with it the green gears rotate around the shaft, these green gears are in contact with Part A (in Blue) on the left and Part B (Also in Blue) on the right. One Part is free to rotate so it does not carry torque but moves with high velocity, the other part is in contact with the ground and then is moves slower as it conducts the energy to the ground and moves the vehicle forward.

The design is of course not a final functional model and does not show any bearings that are essential to make it efficient. This is simply a concept model.

Opinions are welcomed. Do you think it could work ?

Partial Indirect Extrusion (PIE)

The extrusion process, is a technology in which a metal material (usually heated to below melting point, or worked cold) is pressed in a sppecially designed container with one opening , which is the forming die. Through the opening the metal flows outward in a prism form with section similar to the designed die hole.

There are two major extrusion technologies, each with advantages and inconviniences.First and most widely used, is the Direct extrusion (DE). In the Direct extrusion process the metal block (called Billet in the industry) is placed in a cylindrical shaped container and pressed fom one side, thus it exits from the other side through the die which has a reduced cross section. The second technology is Indirect extrusion (IE), in this alternative approach the die is pushed against the billet inward and thus the metal flows from the die opening in the other direction.

An advatage of DE is that it is more stable and faster compared to IE; and the extruded profile can have width in any direction close to the general billet diameter. Disadvantage of DE is that the entire billet of metal compressed at high pressures moves forward in the container and thus friction occurs on the entire contact surface. Friction is of course a major loss of energy and efficiency (About 20% of Energy is lost due to friction).

Advantage of IE is that the Die is compressing the billet, there is no relative movement between the Billet and the Container and thus no friciton occurs, so IE is more efficient in terms of energy. The problem with IE is that the mechanical system pushing the Die inward is in the shape of beams in compression, which could cause buckling due to less stiffness and thus there is a limit on the proces speed (forces occuring) and the extruded profile passes inside the push beam hollow structure (which has to be smaller that the container diameter to go through it) and thus there is a limit on the profile dimensions.

Now that the general available technologies are explained, It should be pointed out that there are other processes with minor differences, also what is called the Hydrolic press which has its own problems too.

The process being suggested here, tries to use the advantages of both IE and DE and to get rid of the disadvantages. Any new system though would also have its own disadvantages, which I leave to the reader to point out. The design presented here, is only a concept design, there could be many details needed for having a final functional model.

In the first picture you could see the Die in green, connected to “Pull rods” also in green because they move in the same direction. In red is the metal material in form of large diameter Billet and smaller cross section extrudate. 

Figure 1 Partial Indirect Extrusion system

Now, how is the Die connected to the “Pull rods”? it might be asked. The picture below shows the connection. It is another cross section of the same exact device in a similar plane parallel to the main axes , but rotated ninety degrees (90°) from the first section plane. This design is thus not axis symmetric, but makes use of the freedom of geometry to achieve this “Partial Indirect extrusion” concept.

Figure 2 Partial Indirect Extrusion Pull Rods

The last picture below, isolates the “Pull rods” structure connected to the Die. it entirely moves backward thus forcing the metal to flow forward through the Die Hole.

Figure 3 Isolated Pull Rods and Die

Advantage:

1- The Billet will not move relative to the container in a major part of the surface. The percentage of relative moving surfaces depends on the exact dimensions of the container surface relative to the “Pull rods” contact surface. This is expected to reduce the energy loss and thus increase efficiency.

2-The profile could have width close to the Billet Diameter, as it is not limited by the “Pull Rods” geometry  (It does not pass through like the IE).

3-The process can be run as fast as DE because the “Pull Rods” do not risk buckling in tension.